人工智能與電力基建 (只提供英文版)

AI is energy intensive

As AI models become larger and more complex, their demand for energy inputs is rapidly growing. Presently, AI usages absorb about 4.5% of total US electricity production, equivalent to or that of roughly 20 million American homes or Spain’s current total electricity consumption. By 2035, AI may account for 5% of all energy usage around the world.

Those trends will place enormous pressures on existing energy infrastructure and will require significant investments in energy supply and in electricity transmission, security and resilience. Over the next five years, the energy infrastructure needed to support AI growth will occur in three areas: data center expansion and optimization, power generation and grid modernization.

At the heart of AI’s energy demands are data centers, which are the physical hubs where AI is trained, deployed and run. As models grow more complex—with trillions of parameters and real-time inference requirements—the computing power required is increasing exponentially. Given the strong commercial interest in AI applications across all sectors of the economy, data center capacity is expected to double by 2030, and AI could account for up to 20% of total data center power consumption.

The future: efficiency and alternatives

It appears increasingly likely that AI’s massive energy needs cannot be met solely by boosting energy production and distribution, as necessary as those developments are. Innovations in efficiency and alternative sources of energy will also be required.

AI hardware such as TPUs (tensor processing units) and GPUs (graphics processing units) require calibrated cooling systems and associated energy management software. Innovations like immersion cooling or waste heat reuse can reduce energy usage per computation and will become more important as energy demand rises. Indeed, without energy optimization advancements, AI-driven data center power consumption could reach unsustainable financial and environmental levels within a decade.

To support the expanding energy needs of AI, the global energy generation mix must shift toward scalable and sustainable sources. Currently, many data centers are powered by fossil fuels, which not only contribute to carbon emissions, but are also vulnerable to price volatility and supply disruptions.

Over the next five years, AI-related energy needs will increasingly be met by renewable sources such as solar, wind and hydropower. In some novel cases, small-scale nuclear reactors are being purpose-built to power AI infrastructure. Hyperscale data center operators are already investing in private power purchase agreements (PPAs) with renewable energy providers, aiming to secure long-term, carbon-free electricity. However, renewables pose challenges due to their intermittent nature.

To mitigate those challenges and to enhance energy security, energy storage technologies—particularly utility-scale batteries—will be essential. These systems can store excess power generated during peak renewable production periods and release it during demand spikes. AI can assist by optimizing energy forecasting, grid balancing and demand response through real-time analytics.

Smart transmission

With regards to energy transmission needs, traditional centralized grids are incompatible with the decentralized demands of AI infrastructure. More modernized, i.e., “smart” grids, will become necessary. Their development will involve upgrading transmission lines, deploying real-time monitoring and control systems, and integrating local sources of power, including wind, solar, nuclear and battery supplies.

For example, smart grids allow power to be continuously and instantaneously allocated as needs arise, helping to meet demand surges caused by AI needs. AI centers can also enhance grid resilience through load forecasting and adaptive energy routing.

Conclusions

The convergence of AI and energy infrastructure is not a distant scenario—it is an active transformation that is already reshaping markets. For investors, we believe the next five years represent an opportunity to capitalize on this shift. The energy sector in all its dimensions must support a vast increase in computational power while simultaneously transitioning toward sustainable production and distribution. It must also enhance resilience and security. All these needs will require significant investment in new sources of energy, power generation, distribution and intelligent, flexible grid systems. In our opinion, it is a once-in-a-generation opportunity.