美國股市展望：市場廣度決定市場升勢

Key takeaways

• Equity performance across the average stock this year has been muted and the economy has begun to slow, setting up the key question for 2024: will we experience a soft landing or a more material decline in corporate profits?
• Small- and mid-cap stock participation has been missing in the narrow market rally. We will continue to watch breadth indicators, looking for material expansion to suggest a healthier outlook, but without improvement we will remain cautious.
• We expect market leadership to broaden in 2024 and believe high-quality defensive stocks, particularly in health care, will hold up better than the current mega cap leaders in an economic downturn.

Mega cap rally not an all clear sign for equities

Coming into the year we anticipated the Federal Reserve’s rapid withdrawal of liquidity would keep pressure on equities and ultimately lead to a recession. While the S&P 500 Index briefly entered correction territory in late October, equity markets surged in November as a massive rally in interest rates pushed down yields amid disinflationary trends and the expectation that not only had the Fed finished its rate hikes, but rate cuts would also begin sooner than previously expected. While on the surface this sounds like an attractive backdrop for investors, and inflationary pressures are indeed abating, we are not yet ready to declare the “all clear” signal for equities. In fact, despite gains in the large cap-dominated indexes, equity performance across the average stock has been muted and the economy is now starting to show more significant signs of slowing. The question for 2024 is whether the economy will experience a soft landing as consensus now expects, or a more material decline in corporate profits.

We continue to forecast at least a mild recession, as many of the key indicators we track still point in that direction. The Conference Board’s basket of leading economic indicators (LEI) has declined sharply over the last two years and remains disconnected with gross domestic product (GDP) growth. We would remind investors that the GDP impact of negative LEIs lags, which makes forecast timing difficult. In addition, the yield curve has been inverted for over a year, a duration consistent with where economic weakness should begin to become more evident.

While we believe investors remain too complacent regarding corporate profits and the economy, our prior forecasts underestimated the impact of fiscal stimulus on the US financial system during the COVID years. Huge fiscal spending programs materially boosted GDP this past year and their impact continues to help counteract the effects of tighter monetary conditions. In addition, structural changes in employment have made corporations reluctant to cut employees, keeping labor markets tight. As a result, consumption, which accounts for two-thirds of US GDP, remains at higher levels than might be expected during more traditional tightening cycles. That said, consumer savings are now back at pre-COVID levels, the housing market is both slow and unaffordable and employment is likely to deteriorate as employers attempt to maintain margins in the face of slowing demand. Although a recession remains our base case, we believe that the odds of a significant economic downturn are lower as the lingering effects of fiscal spending are helping cushion the impact of monetary tightening.

In addition to trying to read the economic tea leaves, we believe that market breadth provides valuable insights about the durability of future market performance. While this year’s market return has been better than we expected, its underlying performance is far more varied and nuanced than one might assume by just looking at the S&P 500. Year-to-date returns have been disproportionately driven by the top seven weightings of the S&P 500, which have accounted for approximately 70% of the overall index return (as of November) and earned the nickname the Magnificent Seven. As a result, large cap growth strategies have surged this past year. In contrast, all value styles, as well as all small cap categories, have trailed those stocks by approximately 30 percentage points.

Historically, at the start of a new bull market, small and mid cap stocks often lead the way in terms of performance, and participation is robust across the spectrum. In the current narrow market, small and mid cap stock participation has been a missing component to the rally. Furthermore, only three of 11 sectors in the S&P 500 are outperforming the overall index, a condition that has impacted the returns for most diversified strategies. We will continue to watch breadth indicators, hoping to see them expand materially as a leading indicator of a healthier outlook, but without improvement we will continue to lean cautious.

One consequence of the current narrow market is a historically wide performance differential between the market-cap weighted and equal-weighted S&P 500 (Exhibit 1). Over the course of the next year, we expect this divergence to reverse as other sectors of the market gain relative ground. While we do not expect the Magnificent Seven to decline materially, we also do not anticipate the same step function higher in earnings for those companies as we saw in 2023. Instead, we expect relative leadership to broaden and include more defensive-oriented groups that have been underperformers this past year. We believe high-quality defensive stocks, particularly in health care, will hold up better than the current mega cap leaders in an economic downturn. Finally, we believe banks will be an important group to watch as a potential barometer of economic weakness due to their sensitivity to potential credit issues. We remain open minded however, that this time could be different due to the economic impact and remedies associated with COVID, but we will wait patiently for the data before reaching that conclusion.